Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research
Volume:1 Issue: 4, Dec 2015

Peraxisome prolifrator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors comprising three isoforms termed alpha, beta/delta and gamma. PPARs can modulate metabolic processes especially fatty acid (FA) metabolisms via exerting transcriptional control on activating genes involved in fuel utilization. Thus, they can exert positive role in controlling chronic diseases such as diabetes. As development of diabetes leads to functional and structural alterations at the myocardium termed diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), metabolic controller seems to be able to affect on cardiomyocytes. Herein, the role of PPARα, and PPARδ, is emerged and compared. This minireview discusses about these receptors in diabetes.

The present investigation was aimed at developing a novel colon targeted system of lornoxicam based on the use of a combination of pH dependent system (to prevent the premature release of drug in the upper GIT) and enzymatically degradation system (to ensure the specificity of drug release in the colon). The drug loaded guar gum microspheres prepared by emulsification cross-linking method were assessed for the effect of guar gum concentration and the viscosity of external phase on the yield, particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. The in vitro performance of microspheres showed polymer concentration dependent sustained release and the release data best fitted Higuchi kinetics. Microscopic evaluation of the optimized formulation (M1) revealed spherical particles that comprised drug in amorphous state as deduced by DSC. DRS revealed zero interaction between drug and guar gum despite the processing steps. The optimized microspheres were formulated as colon targeted tablets by coating with Eudragit S 100 and its sequential analysis in gastrointestinal tract simulated media revealed complete protection against drug release in gastric and intestinal media. In the colon simulated medium (phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 with β-galactosidase enzyme) the drug release was initiated and the tablet M1F3 manifested completed release (97.85 ± 0.48%) of the drug. The roentegenographic study in rabbits revealed maintenance of tablet integrity up to 7 h and thereafter on reaching the colonic junction the tablet size reduction was initiated due to enzymatic action in colon that was continued till 10th h providing proof of concept for colon targeting efficacy.

Cefixime is essential member of orally energetic third generation cephalosporin and has tremendous activity aligned with many pathogens. The virtual bioavailability of a newly industrial dispersible tablet as compared with a recognized identified formulation. A simple and available reversed-phase HPLC method with UV detection has been urbanized and validate for cefixime evaluate in human plasma using a C18 analytical column and a mobile phase of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (pH 6.5)-acetonitrile (3:1 v/v). The detection wavelength was 280 nm. To method observed major linear response-concentration association all through the cefixime concentration range of 15-100 ng/ml, with the average accuracy within-run and between-run values of 97.29% and 99.27%. The average drug recovery from plasma was 98.2% throughout the linear concentration range. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the method were 5 and 15 ng/ml, respectively. The method is quick, easy, very steady and precise for the partition, assignment, evaluation of cefixime in human plasma.

Echium amoenum is an Iranian indigenous medicinal plant. In this research the effect of hydroalchoholic extract of this plant on sodium-selenite induced cataract formation was evaluated. Fifty five white rat pups were selected and divided into six groups. In first group (control 1) no elements injected. Second group (control 2) was received normal saline on 11-18 postpartum. Hydroalchoholic extract of Echium amoenum flower (400 mg/kg/day) intraperitonealy was injected into third group. Rats in group 4th received sodium selenite (30 nmol/kg) on day 13 postpartum. In group 5th, the extract was injected 2 days before selenite injection (once a day for two days). And in last group one day before selenite injection, the rats received a single dose of the extract. Cataract development was measured by slit- lamp. Lens opacification was analyzed in each group on day 7 after selenite administration. All lens in control and 3th groups were clear. However, it was found different type of cataract grades formation in selenite group (2.2 ± 0.83). Cataract grades were 0.4 ± 0.5 and 0.6 ± 0.5 in groups 5th and 6th respectively. Echium amoenum extract significantly was shown a protective effect on selenite-induced cataract in rat. This effect is probably associated with antioxidant activity of this medicinal plant.

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method has been evaluated for the assignment of clonidine hydrochloride in human plasma. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–water 60:40 (v/v), and 0.2% formic acid 20 µL of sample was chromatographically analyzed using a repacked ZORBAX-XDB-ODS C18 column (2.1 mm×30 mm, 3.5 micron). Detection of analytes was achieved by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface in positive ion mode was operated under the multiple-reaction monitoring mode (m/z 230.0 → 213). Sample pretreatment involved in a one-step protein precipitation (PPT) with methanol and percholoric acid (HClO4) of 0.15 mL plasma. Standard curve was linear (r = 0.998) over the concentration range of 0.01-10.0 ng/ml and showed suitable accuracy and precision. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 ng/ml. The method is rapid, simple, very steady and precise for the separation, assignment, evaluation of clonidine healthy in human plasma.

In the pharmaceutical industry is no longer worked without instrumented tablet presses. The recording of the press information at different parameters of each test series and batches in the development of tablets and an online measurement and control of pressing forces during the production process is becoming increasingly important. Eccentric tablet presses were equipped with sensors for the upper and lower punch force and upper punch way. As sample quantity 100g were selected. All fillers lubricant mixtures were prepared in Turbula lab mixtures with 68 rpm. The bulk and tap density of the excipients were determined according to DIN of 53912 and 53194 on a tap density testers into a 250 ml graduated cylinder. It is to be expected that compression diagrams are changed by lubricant additives. This should give itself to recognize in the different section of the force relationship. This study also showed that the lubricant properties of a lubricant can be greatly influenced by the interaction between the lubricant and ingredient formulation to be exposed.